電纜故障測(ce)試儀(yi)是(shi)一套綜合性的電纜(lan)故(gu)障(zhang)探測儀器，是(shi)維護各種(zhong)電纜(lan)的重要工具。能(neng)對電纜(lan)的高阻閃絡故(gu)障(zhang)，高低(di)阻性的接地(di)，短(duan)路(lu)和電纜(lan)的斷線，接觸(chu)不良(liang)等(deng)故(gu)障(zhang)進(jin)行測試(shi)，若配(pei)備(bei)聲測法定點儀，可準(zhun)確測定故(gu)障(zhang)點的準(zhun)確位置。特(te)別適用于測試(shi)各種(zhong)型(xing)號、不同等(deng)級(ji)電壓的電力電纜(lan)及通信電纜(lan)。
電(dian)纜故障測試(shi)儀檢測(ce)的電纜故障性質分(fen)析：
開路(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)：如果電纜(lan)絕緣正常，但因導體原因不能正常輸送(song)電壓的一類故障(zhang)(zhang)可認為(wei)是開路(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)，如芯(xin)線(xian)或(huo)地線(xian)似斷非斷、芯(xin)線(xian)某(mou)一處存在較大的線(xian)電阻(zu)(zu)及斷芯(xin)等情況(kuang)。一般單純性開路(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)很少見(jian)到，多數表現為(wei)與低阻(zu)(zu)或(huo)高阻(zu)(zu)故障(zhang)(zhang)并(bing)存。
低(di)(di)阻故(gu)障：如果電纜(lan)的絕緣介(jie)質(zhi)損傷，能直接用“低(di)(di)壓脈沖法"測試(shi)的一類(lei)相間或相對地(di)故(gu)障，稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)泄漏性低(di)(di)阻故(gu)障。通常叫(jiao)做低(di)(di)阻故(gu)障。一般電阻值在數百歐姆以(yi)下。若電阻值為(wei)“零"，則(ze)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)短(duan)路(lu)故(gu)障，它是(shi)低(di)(di)阻故(gu)障的特例。
泄(xie)(xie)漏性(xing)(xing)高阻(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)：若電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)絕緣介(jie)質已損壞，并形成固定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)通道，但不能(neng)直接用電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障(zhang)測試(shi)儀器(qi)的(de)(de)“低壓(ya)脈(mo)沖(chong)法"測量的(de)(de)一類(lei)故(gu)障(zhang)，稱為泄(xie)(xie)漏性(xing)(xing)高阻(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)，阻(zu)值(zhi)通常在(zai)數百歐姆以上(shang)。在(zai)現場當給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜做直流(liu)(liu)泄(xie)(xie)漏耐壓(ya)試(shi)驗(yan)時(shi)，其泄(xie)(xie)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)值(zhi)隨著所(suo)加(jia)的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)升(sheng)高而連(lian)續(xu)增大，并遠遠超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜本(ben)身(shen)所(suo)要求的(de)(de)規(gui)范值(zhi)。泄(xie)(xie)漏性(xing)(xing)高阻(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)與低阻(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)是相對的(de)(de)，無嚴格區別。
閃(shan)絡(luo)性(xing)高阻故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)：在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍(wei)內，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加到某一數(shu)值(zhi)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值(zhi)突然增大，其值(zhi)大大超過被試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所要求的(de)(de)(de)規范值(zhi)，這種(zhong)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)稱為閃(shan)絡(luo)性(xing)高阻故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)。這種(zhong)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜絕緣雖然損壞，但卻(que)沒有形成(cheng)固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻通道(dao)。